The Pros and Cons of GMOs From a Vegan Perspective

If youre confused about the pros and cons of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), youre not alone. While this relatively new technology is riddled with bioethics questions, the arguments for and against GMOs are difficult to weigh because its hard to know what the risks are—until something goes wrong. GMOs may not be natural, but not everything natural is good for us, and not everything unnatural is bad for us. For example, poisonous mushrooms are natural, but we shouldnt eat them. Washing food before eating it isnt natural (unless youre a raccoon), but it is healthier for us. GMO Is a Broad Term GMOs have been on the market since 1996, so if all of them were an immediate health threat, youd think we would know it by now. Part of the confusion regarding GMOs results from the broad scope the term genetically modified organism includes (although the definition has narrowed and no longer includes genetic alterations that result from the processes of natural mating and mutation). The general consensus among food producers and many consumers is that not all GMOs are bad. Scientific breakthroughs in manipulating plant genetics are actually largely responsible for the commercial success of crops in the United States, especially corn and soy.   While increased production is considered a plus by many, studies on the longterm health impact of consuming GMO goods are yet to be conclusive. New legislation initiatives in the United States are seeking to force producers to label goods as genetically modified. But whether such labeling will lead to a better understanding or further confusion regarding a products GMO status remains to be seen. GMOs and Labeling Proponents of GMO labeling believe consumers should be able to decide for themselves whether or not they wish to consume GMO products. In the European Union, the legal definition of a genetically modified organism is an organism, with the exception of human beings, in which the genetic material has been altered in a way that does not occur naturally by mating and/or natural recombination. It is illegal in the E.U. to deliberately release a GMO into the environment, and food items containing more than 1% GMOs must be labeled as such. In 2017 the U.S. government passed a national Genetically Modified Foods (GMO) labeling law to ensure a uniform standard for labeling GMOs (also referred to as BE/bioengineered foods). The previous year, Congress passed the National Bioengineered Food Disclosure Standard Act that required the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) to establish a labeling standard for GMOs. While the requirements were set to take effect by July 2018, after a public comment period, the USDA extended the implementation deadline for two years. The law will go into effect at the beginning of 2020 and will require food companies to be in compliance by January 1, 2022. Why Knowing Whats in Your Food Matters This alteration of the genes usually entails inserting genetic material into an organism in a laboratory without the aegis of natural mating, breeding, or reproduction. In other words, instead of breeding two plants or animals together to encourage certain traits in their offspring, the plant, animal, or microbe has DNA from another organism inserted. Genetically modified products contain novel proteins that could trigger allergic reactions in people who are either  allergic to one of the components of the GMO or in people who are allergic only to the new substance. Further, food additives that are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) do not have to undergo rigorous toxicity testing to prove their safety. Instead, their safety is generally based on published past toxicity studies. The FDA has awarded GRAS status to  95% of the GMOs  that have been submitted. Arguments for GMO Use GMO technology can develop crops that have higher yields and more nutrients while using less fertilizer and fewer pesticides. If you live in the United States, you are most likely eating GMOs or livestock that was fed GMOs: 88%  of the corn and 94% of the soy grown in the U.S. has been genetically modified to be herbicide-resistant and/or insect-resistant. In addition to increased production, GMO technology also speeds evolution. With traditional breeding, it can take several generations before the desired trait is sufficiently brought out in offspring, and each new generation must reach sexual maturity before they can be bred as part of the cycle. With GMO technology, however, the desired genotype can be created instantly in the current generation and, since genetic engineering moves discrete genes or blocks of genes at a time, GMO technology is actually more predictable than traditional breeding during which thousands of genes from each parent are randomly transferred to their offspring. Arguments Against GMO Use The most common arguments against GMOs are that they have not been tested thoroughly, have less predictable outcomes, and can be potentially harmful to human, animal, and crop health as a result.  Studies have already shown that GMOs are dangerous to rats. A  2011 review in Environmental Sciences Europe of 19 studies in which genetically modified soy and corn were fed to mammals found that a GMO diet often led to liver and kidney problems. Another concern is that genetically modified plants or animals could interbreed with wild populations, creating problems such as population explosions or crashes or offspring with dangerous traits that would go further into harming the delicate ecosystem. In terms of agriculture, its feared that GMOs will inevitably lead to a decline in mixed cropping and an increase in  monoculture, which is dangerous because it threatens the biological diversity of our food supply. GMOs are transferring genes in a much more unpredictable way than natural breeding allows. That doesnt necessarily sound bad until you consider that creating GMOs is a type of genetic engineering that can be further broken down into different subcategories. While cisgenic organisms contain DNA from a member of the same species and are, therefore, generally regarded as less risky, transgenic organisms contain DNA from another species—and thats where you run into trouble. One of the built-in safeguards of natural breeding is that  a member of one species  will not produce fertile offspring with a member of another species. With transgenic technology, scientists are transferring genes not just across species but across kingdoms—inserting animal genes into microbes or plants. The resulting genotypes could never exist in nature–and the process is far more unpredictable than crossing a Macintosh apple with a Red Delicious apple. GMOs vs. Animal Rights Animal rights  activists believe that animals have an intrinsic value separate from any value they have to  humans  and that animals have a right to be free of human use, oppression,  confinement, and exploitation. While GMOs can make agriculture more efficient, thereby reducing human impact on wildlife and wild habitats, genetically modified organisms raise some specific animal rights concerns. GMO technology often involves  experimenting on animals.  Animals are used as either a source for genetic  material or as the recipient of genetic material, as was the case when jellyfish and coral were used to create genetically modified glowing mice, fish, and rabbits  for the novelty pet trade. The  patenting of genetically modified animals  is also of concern to  animal rights activists. Patenting animals is tantamount to treating them as property  rather than sentient, living beings. Animal advocates believe the reverses—that animals are sentient, living beings as opposed to things people own—and view the patenting of animals as a step in the wrong direction. Under the U.S. Food,  Drug,  and Cosmetics Act, new food additives must be proven safe. While there are no required tests, the FDA offers  Guidelines for Toxicity Studies  that include rodents and non-rodents, usually dogs. Although some opponents of GMOs are demanding more long-term tests, animal advocates should refrain from doing so as more tests will mean  more animals suffering  in laboratories. Sources Philpott, Tom. Are Genetically Modified Foods Safe to Eat? Mother Jones. September 30, 2011.Sà ©ralini, Gilles-Eric;  Mesnage, Robin;  Clair, Emilie;  Gress, Steeve; Spiroux de Vendà ´mois,  Joà «l; Cellier, Dominique.  Genetically Modified Crops Safety Assessments: Present Limits and Possible Improvements. SpringerOpen: Environmental Sciences Europe. March 1, 2011.On Patented Mouse: Let Reason Rule. Chicago Tribune. April 17, 1988.Everything You Need to Know About GMO Labeling in 2019. Illinois Farm Families Blog. 2019.

Beowulf Is Not Your Average Viking Warrior - 1498 Words

â€Å"The hero observed the swamp-thing from hell, the tarn-hag in all her terrible strength, then heaved his war-sword and swung his arm: the decorated blade came down ringing and singing on her head. But soon he found his battle-torch extinguished; the shining blade refused to bite.† (1518-1523). Few images in medieval literature capture masculinity as well as the sword. Its phallic shape and use of dealing harm by penetrating your foe make it the ultimate allusion to the male anatomy. However, in this battle between Grendel’s mother and Beowulf, our hero’s sword cannot seem to perform its intended function. This failed display of masculinity by Beowulf is only one of many that suggest that he is not your average Viking warrior. The†¦show more content†¦Beowulf’s gender-nonconformity is poorly justified by the Beowulf poet representing him as almost a Jesus Christ figure. There are several ways that Beowulf serves as a working Christ figu re. He saves people’s lives, is chaste as far as we know and he even has a posse of twelve that follow him around. This allusion to Jesus is further solidified in the ending of the epic poem where Beowulf is betrayed by his â€Å"apostles† who allow him to fight the dragon mostly alone. Beowulf saying â€Å"this fight is not yours, nor is it up to any man except me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (2533-2534), is essentially the same as how Jesus alone had to die to free man from sin. However, this Christianization of Beowulf is just an attempt for people to understand why Beowulf never had any sexual relations with a woman. By constant comparison to Jesus, who also abstained from sex, Beowulf’s abstinence is normal. However, this is not the case, it is instead an example of Catholicism making things confusing. It doesn’t make sense to have so much symbolism alluding to the fact that Beowulf is queer while simultaneously alluding to him as a Christ figure. Therefor e, Beowulf must have been changed by the Beowulf poet or simply over the years of people telling the poem by word of mouth to fit better into Catholicism. During the fight with Grendel’s mother, Beowulf performs emasculating actions which are discounted by the fact that

Descriptive Statistics Paper - 1184 Words

The housing market was once known as the biggest money making industry in the United States. Housing, which was the way our economy made the majority of their money, is now contributing less to the economic expansion. The decline in the housing market has raised many concerns throughout the entire country. This paper provides statistics on the United States population housing market, economy, demographical characteristics, demographical area and the large amount vacant property. Included in this research document are analysis of data sets, charts and graph to help interpret the housing crisis. Research Problem The purpose of this research is to determine why the housing market is in a downfall and if there is a way to get homeowners†¦show more content†¦ Source: Census Bureau. (April 29, 2007). Vacant Homes Stacking Up Around the Nation. Housing Doom. Retrieved. November 9, 2008 from World Wide Web. Available: http://housing doom.com/2007/04/29/vacant-homes-stacking-up/ The housing market has been facing the outcome of a decline of community growth for homeowners refinancing their mortgages due to the increase of rising surroundings foreclosure rates. The rise in vacant homes have led to lower revenues for communities because the government is failing to support completely and come to the aid of existing struggling homeowners and persevering the opportunities for future owners. City managers, mayors, and other elected public officials have a moral obligation ask the federal government for assistance in order to alleviate the crisis. The real estate market can stabilize if the government will pass bills, which include tax provisions to help curb the rise in foreclosures. The situation will not get any better if homeowners do not advocate for reform in lending practices and by allowing the government to ignore the pleas for their homes not to be ended up on the auction block. The radical changes in the economy have left an exceptional mark on how society currently is viewing the housing market and the possible outcome of a recession. The US economy will undoubtedly slide into recession if the numbers of home values continue to drop, and continuing access to new credit. The generally usedShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Statistics Paper1701 Words   |  7 PagesDescripitive Statistics Paper Descriptive Statistics Paper Laura L. Mason, Becky Matlock, and Nichole Noble RES/341 June 15, 2011 David Morrisson Descriptive Statistics Paper Major League Baseball is known as America’s favorite pastime, and MLB teams spend an extensive amount of money in the excess of a billion dollars with the ultimate goal to win the World Series. 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The Evolution Of Hip Hop / Rap Essay - 1544 Words

In this essay, I will be informing you, as the reader on the evolution of Hip-Hop/Rap. The key points will be where it is today, how this genre of music is not only used as music; but is used as communication to connect with the listeners, how it affects people; physically, mentally and psychologically. In other words, I will be addressing where it was created and how it is used to speak and communicate with the listeners. This genre dates back hundreds of years ago, when African-Americans were enslaved, when rap and hip-hop were known as the same thing. This has always been a part of African American culture and they had always made it they’re own. They used this form of music to express the pain and abuse they went through; it was used as an escape from they’re daily struggle they called â€Å"life†. â€Å"Thousands of years ago in Africa â€Å"griots† where story tellers who played handmade instruments while they told stories about family and current events†¦Griots were captured against their will and forced into slavery† (Mize, 2014). Hip-Hop and rap resurfaced in the Bronx, in the 70’s, around this time people in Bronx were going through, poverty, unemployment, increased crime, etc. Which caused them to have freedom of expression through rhyming; creating the meaning rap. Although the meaning of the word â€Å"Rap† original meant to strike or blow. Which in my opinion fits perfectly because they are striking mentally with words instead of physically. This genre is basically a form ofShow MoreRelatedHip Hop Is A Genre Of Music1192 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent places and different nationality. 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Block parties involved DJs playing very percussive breaks of popular songs Then Rapping developed as the primary vocal style of the genre. Hip hop s early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum-machines becameRead MoreEvolution of Hip-Hop1215 Words   |  5 PagesEvolution of Hip-Hop From where it started to where it is now, Cuban hip-hop has transformed greatly. Without the United States, hip-hop in Cuba certainly would not be where it is today. The United States is the hub of hip-hop and helped to jumpstart hip-hop in Cuba. While this is true, hip-hop in the United States completely differs from that of Cuba for the better. Even though hip-hop in Cuba did not start from much, the amount of development and influence this music has towards Cuba is immeasurableRead MoreAnalysis Of J. Cole s The Album 2014 Forest Hill Drive Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesbecause of how far it strays from the lyrical composition of popular rap artists of today. 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Causal Argument Does Violence In The Media Affect Children Free Essays

Violence is found all around us in the media. Parents are becoming worried about what their children are exposed to. There has been an ongoing debate as to whether violence in the media can affect children to imitate acts of violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Causal Argument: Does Violence In The Media Affect Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now After much research I have found there is a link between watching violence, and committing acts of violence. Children who are exposed to excessive amounts of violence on television, in video games, and through song lyrics, than children who are not, are much more likely to commit acts of violence later in their lives. Many wonder if watching violence on television can influence individuals to act violently, and many studies have found a link between viewing violence on TV and committing acts of violence later in life. For example, University of Michigan psychologists Leonard Eron and Rowell Huesmann conducted a study spanning decades where they watched over 800 preschoolers, and followed them until adulthood to see how television violence affected them. The study concluded that children who watched excessive amounts of television tended to be more aggressive towards other children. Eron and Huesman checked back with the preschoolers eleven and twenty two years ago, and found that the aggressive preschools became even more aggressive as they got older with more acts of domestic violence, and more traffic tickets than their peers. Many experts also believe that when children view violence on television they try to imitate what they see. For instance, there was an incident when a five year old, while watching the cartoon Beavis and Butthead saw the characters bsession with fire, and decided to light his house on fire, which killed his little sister (Children, Media and Violence). Not only are children exposed to violence on television, violence is also found in video games. With the recent advancements in technology, video games are looking more and more realistic every day. With the introduction of better video games systems, and graphics, video games are becoming increasingly popular with children and teenagers. Some might argue that video games cannot influence young people, because they are aware that the games are fantasy, but studies conducted by the Surgeon General and a National Institute of Mental Health concluded that the more realistic something looks, the more likely it will be learned. This simply means that the more realistic something looks, the more influential it will be to the individual viewing it. (American Academy of Pediatrics Online). The National Institute of Mental Health also claims that children up to age eight cannot distinguish between real life and fantasy, so when they play these games they believe that committing acts of violence is an effective form of problem solving. The National Coalition on Television Violence found that in Mortal Kombat, one of the best selling video games of all time, your object is not just to kill your opponent, but to master your skills at doing so (Children Youth and Family Consortium Electronic Clearinghouse). This kind of play has to affect children. People are most impressionistic when they are young, and they learn by their actions. They win the game for killing everyone. This teaches makes them more tolerant of violence, and more likely to commit violent crimes later in life. Music is another form of media, which influences children and teenagers. In 1995, Entertainment Monitor reported that only 10 out of the top 40 popular CD s on sale during the holiday season were free of profanity, or lyrics dealing with drugs, violence, and sex. Rap superstar, Eminem s CD titled, The Marshall Mathers LP as already sold more than 4. 1 million albums, and is currently at the top of the music charts (Billboard. com) has already stirred up tons of controversy with its lyrics. The Marshall Mathers LP has songs titled Criminal, Drug Ballad, and Kill You. According to Eminem s success, this is what people enjoy listening to. They do not seem bothered by the language or subjects. Not only are the lyrics explicitly violent, but they do influence the children who listen to it. Rap music is not the only genre of music containing violent lyrics. There was an incident where a teenager shot his parents, and claimed that listing to music by gothic artist Marilyn Manson drove him to such extremes. Marilyn Manson has created a whole new trend among young people. They call their look gothic and wear black clothing. Sometimes they paint their faces white, and wear dog collars, much like their idol Manson. If there is someone to blame for all this violence in our media, it would be the entertainment industry; however, they argue that they are giving the public what they want. This is not a true statement according to Michael Medved, who has written books where he analyzed media violence. Medved analyzed all films that were released between 1980 and 1992 and found that family films earned more than twice as much on average as violent films. This data is surprising considering that violent films made up over sixty percent of the films released. So, is the public really getting what they want The entertainment industry also claims that television does not harm children, because they can distinguish between what is real and what is fake. Once again, they are wrong. Many preschoolers while watching Sesame Street cannot tell whether the Muppets are real or fake. They do not comprehend that Big Bird is really a man dressed up in a costume (American Academy of Pediatrics). In conclusion, violence in the media does not seem to be going away. It is all around our children; on television, in video games, and in music. Until the entertainment industry decides to limit the amount of violence we are exposed to, it will always be a problem. Then again, without the media who knows where we would be today. We might live in a much safer society. How to cite Causal Argument: Does Violence In The Media Affect Children, Essay examples

Human Resource Planning Workforce Analysis

Question: Discuss about theHuman Resource Planning for Workforce Analysis. Answer: Introduction Human resource planning is the formulation of ways that can make it possible for an organization to achieve its set goals while optimizing the use of assets at the same time (Mathis Jackson, 2010). The primary goal of human resource planning is to strike a balance between the available jobs and available human resources to eliminate shortage or excess of the workforce. A good human resource plan would ensure that an organization achieves its set targets (Rothwell Kazanas, 2003). Workforce Analysis Sunnyside hospital offers acute care services. The hospital has employed highly skilled professionals to provide medical services to the patients. Despite the quality of services available to the patients, it is interesting that they dont pay for the services. The following are some of the professionals who ensure that the hospital can undertake its mandate in the community: Unit Clerk- the Clerk is the receptionist at the hospital. She also offers clerical support and information to the nursing units are various hospitals Executives: These are senior managers who carry out supervisory work at the hospital. The Sunnyside hospital projects that they would recruit four executives between 2014 and 2019. The executives direct other junior nursing managers. There is also a section of the staff who are enclosed in a room and are I charge sterilization of surgical equipment. Licensed nurses: These are nurses who are more educated than the ordinary nurses. There is no vacancy in this position at the moment. However, it is projected that the hospital management would recruit 250 licensed nurses between the year 2014 and 2019. Physiotherapists: These are specialized people who are responsible for the rehabilitation of physical injuries among patients. The hospital has ten permanent vacancies of physiotherapists. The recruitment projection for the position between 2014 and 2019 is 20. Pharmacist: This is an individual who assigns medicines to patients. The pharmacist also administers drugs and other vaccines to patients. Finally, these specialists are in charge of the running of the hospital pharmacy. The hospital has a permanent vacancy of 8 pharmacists. It is projected that10 pharmacists would be recruited between 2014 and 2019. Registered care aide: This is a less trained professional who offers some services in hospitals. This group of people is trained in less than one year and offer services such as changing of patients bed linens, feeding of the [patients and taking care of the patients on daily occasions. Registered Nurse: This is a degree graduate nurse who has been trained in the handling of more complex duties within the hospital setting. These nurses always record for further studies, after which they specialize in emergency, pediatrics, operation room and ICU. There is an inadequate number of nurses at the hospital. At the moment, there are 100 vacancies. It is also projected that Sunnyside hospital would recruit 1300 registered nurses between the year 2014 and 2019. Nursing Manager: This is someone who had trained as a nurse and has administered nursing services over a long period. The nursing manager is in charge of the nursing unit and all the wards within the hospital set-up. There are two vacancies for the position at the hospital. To mitigate the concern, it is projected that the hospital would recruit an average of 80 nursing managers between 2014 and 2019. Student nurse: this is an undergraduate student in a clinical course. These students report to hospitals where they are assigned to offer nursing services. The hospitals surgeons and physicians are paid their salaries by the ministry of health of Ontario for the services that they provide to patients at Sunnyside Hospital. The hospital itself pays the rest of the medical staff their salaries. All the employees of the hospital are members of a union except the nursing managers, the nursing students, and the executive members Completion and Discussion of the Final Exam Projection Template The final exam completion template is organized in a Microsoft Excel. The template has columns that show human resource supply and those that show human resource demand. On the side of human resource supply, there are projected retirements which require payroll file and then the use of retirement calculator. There is also projected turnover. The column requires for termination of the database and multiplication of the 2013 turnover by five years. There is also a column of projected net leaves where payroll database is filtered. We also have the column of projected new recruits. This column used the command Recr Proj and Curr Vacancies. The command prompts a transfer of files to the column C. On the other side of human resource demand, there is a column of current vacancies and that of projected growth. The column of current vacancies also uses the command of Recr Proj and Curr Vacancies to transfer files to the column B. The column of projected growth, on the other hand, uses growth plans to interpret numbers so that they can fit into the column in the job order. The final exam template is then capable of producing the net gains as well as the net losses. Recommendations It is necessary for a hospital to make projections which are attainable. There are some occupations at Sunnyside hospital where there are no vacancies at all. However, the allocated recruitment projections for the positions are in excess. The hospital management must factor in the availability of financial resources during the recruitment processes. Recruitment of excess human resource would mean that the hospital would cut on some essential budgets to pay salaries. Issues of excessive or inadequate human resource should be avoided at all cost. References Armstrong, M. (2006). A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. Kogan Page Publishers. Bhattacharyya, D. K. (2009). Human Resource Planning. Excel Books India,. Deb, T. (2006). Strategic Approach to Human Resource Management. Atlantic Publishers Dist,. Mathis, R. L., Jackson, J. H. (2010). Human Resource Management. Cengage Learning,. Price, K. (2013). Bottom Line Results from Strategic Human Resource Planning. Springer Science Business Media. Reddy, M. S. (2005). Human Resource Planning. Discovery Publishing House,. Rothwell, W. J., Kazanas, H. C. (2003). Planning and Managing Human Resources: Strategic Planning for Human Resources Managemen. Human Resource Development,. Turner, P. (2012). HR Forecasting and Planning. CIPD Publishing,.

Kuwait Oil Fields Reconstruction Projects Construction Essay Example For Students

Kuwait Oil Fields Reconstruction Projects Construction Essay During the Gulf war, Kuwait was invaded by Iraq and by the terminal of it about all of oil production installations of Kuwait had suffered extended harm and had become defunct. Even after their Liberation in Feb, 1991 a big figure of oil Wellss were on fire. To reconstruct the state s major beginning of income of the state a undertaking was taken to retrace these oil Fieldss. This was the Kuwait oilfields Reconstruction undertaking. Bechtel International was the undertaking direction house given the contract to pull off this Reconstruction undertaking by the Kuwait Oil Company. Work of planning of the undertaking had started in November 1990 within three months of the start of the Iraqi Invasion, in the offices of Bechtel in London. Planning and forming activities were being done in the offices in London, Houston, San Francisco, Dubai and Riyadh even when the war was still on. Since the war was still on, there was small cognition of the entire extent of the harm to the oilfields and how much work was to be done. However those amendss that were identified boulder clay so were taken into consideration and front-end planning and procurance for the same had been started. During the terminal of the war, the withdrawing Iraqi military personnels had set the oilfields on fire. Therefore to go on with the undertaking first it was necessary to convey these fires under control. The forces of Bechtel arrived in Kuwait 4 yearss after a complete expanse of the City was done by the allied military personnels. The chief nonsubjective so of these forces was to form and pull off the firefighting attempts. This was names project Al- Awada ( Arabic for return ) . The vivid scenes shown by the newspaper, magazine, and telecasting studies came alive for Bechtel undertaking forces. The yearss were dark with fume from the fires barricading the Sun, oil droplets filled the air, clean H2O and healthful systems were non working, power workss were down, transit was minimum as tyres were a cherished trade good, and nutrient was really scarce. Initial adjustment was in refurbished ship quarters and in some vandalized flat composites without H2O and electricity, no more than a foam mattress on the floor, and a long hiking up a darkened stairway. In add-on to these jobs, dumbbell traps, land and H2O mines, undischarged shells and projectiles, and other munition had littered the state. The temperatures in summer systematically were above 50 IÂ ¦ C in shadiness ( rarely below 37 IÂ ¦ C at dark ) , exposing the people in the field to temperatures of 55-58 IÂ ¦ C in many locations, and hotter nearer to the fires. Merely supplying imbibing H2O was a major project. John Oakland, senior frailty president of Bechtel Corporation, who served as the director of undertakings in Kuwait, remarked, This run, which was good covered by the international intelligence media, was one of the most complex technology and building attempts in history. However, the undermentioned assignment, which was the Reconstruction of the Kuwait oil Fieldss, was an even bigger and more ambitious undertaking. The undertaking of the Reconstruction of the oil Fieldss, which was named Al-Tameer ( Arabic for rebuild ) , will be discussed in this study. Outline1 Status of the Facilities2 Undertaking Al-Tameer3 Figure: Al Tameer Organization4 Execution Phase5 Detail Engineering6 Procurement7 Material Management8 Warehousing Management9 Contract Management10 Construction Management11 Drumhead12 Key Milestones13 Operation Phase14 Accomplishments Status of the Facilities The province of the two million barrels per twenty-four hours oil export industry in Kuwait after the completion of the fire-fighting attempt was as follows: 647 Wellss had burned in entire, 751 Wellss were damaged. Twenty-six oil assemblage, separation, and production centres were damaged or wholly destroyed. One Marine export installation and its related individual point moorage was wholly destroyed, and the 2nd Marine export installation was partly damaged and out of committee. The equivalent of 10 million barrels of petroleum oil storage tankage had been destroyed. The Shuaiba refinery was wholly destroyed. A petroleum unit in the Mina Al Ahrnadi Refinery was wholly destroyed. The remainder of the refinery was partly damaged and the refinery was out of committee. The Mina Abdullah Refinery was partly damaged and the units were non operable. All communicating towers and webs were destroyed. Most of the working population had either fled or were in concealment. Undertaking Al-Tameer After the successful completion of the fire-fighting attempt, KOC invited Bechtel to show its program for the Reconstruction of the oil Fieldss production and exporting installations damaged during the war, get downing work by November 1990. KOC s end was to be able to bring forth 2 million bpd of oil by September 1992. Planing and Organizing Phase The planning and forming attempt for the Al-Tameer undertaking started with the Bechtel squad that was already on-site as portion of the Al-Awada undertaking fire-fighting attempt. An organisation wholly different from the Al-Awada undertaking was required to scope, estimation, program, execute, and bend over operational installations to KOC. This organisation had to be self-sufficing and be able to to the full back up and serve a monolithic work force of more than 16,000 people. The chief organisation was divided into five chief maps. One was to back up KOC s future five-year budget planning with designation, scoping, and be aftering future undertakings. This was named KOC Major Projects Group. The other four groups consisted of: director Al-Tameer undertakings, responsible for all planning and undertaking direction, every bit good as technology and procurance director coordination, responsible for scheduling, cost control, gauging, undertaking coverage, public and community dealingss, and other relevant maps director services, responsible for supplying all the needed support services for the undertaking squad including explosive and ordnance destruction group director operation, responsible for field executing of all the defined work. A harm appraisal and scoping squad consisting of applied scientists, contrivers, and calculators walked every pes of the oil Fieldss production and exporting installations fixing a range of work, cost estimation, a program and agenda of work for each installation. The planning was based on a dorsum to look scheduling specifying the day of the months and production ends foremost, working backward to see when the boring attempt and installations Reconstruction work had to get down to run into this end. This attack besides determined the needed work force and helped with direct hire and subcontracting programs. The overall program defined the sequence of the work and prioritized the resources to do certain installations with least harm were first precedence for completion. The maestro agenda was developed based on nine subproject organisation work dislocation constructions ( WBS ) Genius of Andy Warhol EssayConstruction attempts were divided between direct hire building and subcontracted work. The entire range of work was divided into nine building countries, each managed by a field overseer. Each overseer was responsible for both direct hire executing every bit good as field disposal of the subcontractor s range of work within his country. Construction overseers were supported by the cardinal building group that was the functional group back uping a undertaking matrix squad. Prioritization of resources and building equipment was one of the major maps of the cardinal building squad. Field building squads were comprised of transnational forces ( from 36 states ) with wholly different civilizations, linguistic communications, and public presentation capablenesss. Catering and other cultural demands had to be addressed to guarantee each group could execute its map satisfactorily. Each undertaking had to be seamster made to accommodate the squad available. It was of import that planning of the work force and resources take into consideration handiness of the right chief and support group to be able to pass on and execute work with each squad. Drumhead Approximately 1,000,000 hours in the regional offices and 4,000,000 hours in Kuwait were spent for undertaking management/engineering/construction direction during the first two stages of this undertaking. Field labour hours were 50,000,000. These undertaking man-hours were spent within the undermentioned undertaking agenda mileposts: start of be aftering November 1990 start execution in Kuwait March 199 1 undertaking completion June 1993. The beginnings of the undertaking forces were assorted. A sum of 16,000 workers from 36 states on five continents were involved in this monolithic attempt. The states that participated in the supply of work force to this Reconstruction included Kuwait, the United States, Great Britain, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium, Holland, Germany, Ireland, New Zealand, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Iran, Lebanon, Bahrain, Yugoslavia, Colombia, Indonesia, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Brazil, Afghanistan, the Philippines, India, Djibouti, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Tunisia, Pakistan, Trinidad, and Sierra Leone. Key Milestones Some of the more noteworthy mileposts in the plan were: The last fire was extinguished and the well was capped on November 6, 199 1, eight months after the reaching of the first Bechtel squad on-site. The first postwar oil was pumped from two of the original assemblage centres on May 26, 199 1. By December 1991, more than 400,000 barrels of oil per twenty-four hours were being produced from the rehabilitated installations. By April 1993, more than 11,000,000 barrels of weather-beaten petroleum had been reclaimed from oil cavities and lakes, and processed through the field intervention centres and the refinery. By the terminal of June 1993, 18 of the original centres were back in operation, with all the production ends achieved as scheduled. Operation Phase Accomplishments The work was conducted in 55 locations that included Fieldss in the North of Kuwait on the boundary line with Iraq, West and South of Kuwait on the boundary lines with Saudi Arabia and Iraq, and in the refineries and lading installations along the seashore and offshore. Five hundred square stat mis of land were swept and cleared of undischarged munition. More than 23,000 pieces of explosive devices were destroyed by explosive munition disposal squads. Although all work countries were swept, the hazard from undetectable munition was of all time present and some human deaths did occur. More than 26,000 purchase orders and 300 major building contracts and 650 equipment rental understandings were awarded during Phases I and I1 of the undertaking. ( A more normal undertaking performed over the same clip frame may hold 4,000 to 6,000 purchase orders. ) A complete communicating system dedicated to the oil industry was installed that included 23 orbiter telephone systems, 4,500 telephones, and 2,000 portable wirelesss. A twenty-four-hour wellness attention and safety plan was established that included two chopper medical evacuation squads, a forty-bed infirmary, a dental clinic, and a squad of about 100 professional medical forces on responsibility at seven medical Stationss. More than 5,800 pieces of field runing equipment runing from the larger bulldozers, Cranes, trucks, front-end stevedores, and heavy industrial equipment to ambulances, pickup trucks, autos, coachs, and other support vehicles were shipped to the occupation sites. These pieces of equipment were purchased from 12 different states. A sum of 742 aircraft and sea-going vass were deployed to transport more than 520,000 dozenss of equipment and stuff to Kuwait in support of this undertaking. Six full-service dining halls with providing support staff provided about 3,500,000 repasts for the workers during the fire-fighting run and 10,000,000 repasts during the Reconstruction stage. Menus were established to provide to the different cultural backgrounds. Commissariats and lodging for 12,000 manual and 2,000 non-manual Bechtel employees were provided. All of the members of project direction and their support squads, over 200 design and technology forces and about 200 procurance, disposal and subcontracts direction squads, were resident in Kuwait. Construction of a figure of lasting offices, workshops, warehouses, care stores, and lodging composites for KOC was completed at the same clip. Fire-fighting attempts originally involved the four major international squads of Boots A ; Coots, Red Adair, Safety Boss, and Wild Well Control. They were subsequently joined by an extra 23 squads from Kuwait, Iran, China, Hungary, Great Britain, France, Canada, Romania, and Russia. Four hundred kilometres of H2O and oil grapevines were installed during fire-fighting attempts. Water lines and pumping Stationss could present 25,000,000 gallons a twenty-four hours to fire sites. Each of 360 lagunas was excavated, lined, and filled with 1,000,000 gallons of H2O for usage in fire-fighting. Boring tablets and entree roads were constructed for 700 new and work over Wellss. Three-thousand kilometres of new flow lines were constructed. One-thousand kilometres of new and refurbished grapevines were installed. Fifteen petroleum assemblage centres, including a wholly new and modularized early production installation, were assessed, designed, and constructed. Three gas supporter Stationss were constructed Restoration and Reconstruction of the Marine burden terminuss, offshore terminuss, and SPM were completed. Construction of more than 10,000,000 barrels of new rough oil storage tankage was managed. Restoration of operating expense and belowground electrical power transmittal and distribution system and cathodic protection system within the oil Fieldss was completed. Construction A ; fix and operation of H2O systems ( fresh, brackish, and salt H2O ) were completed. Construction and operation of oil recovery systems and installations that collected and treated more than 25,000,000 barrels of weather-beaten petroleum were completed.